Antioxidant activity of Black Garlic
The protective activities of SAC have been well studied and have been shown to be associated with the prevention or amelioration of oxidative stress, including the prevention of oxidation of lipids and proteins. While the mechanism of most antioxidant compounds is the quenching of specific free radicals (direct antioxidant effect), black garlic and SAC’s antioxidant properties include a direct antioxidant effect on all biologically-relevant free radicals as well as numerous “indirect” antioxidant mechanisms, making it truly a “Complete Antioxidant.” In fact, aged black garlic showed stronger antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo than raw garlic due to the safe, stable, bioavailable and beneficial compounds during the natural aging process. A recent comprehensive review of SAC and black garlic’s antioxidant activity describes the many mechanisms.
Free Radical Scavenging Activity
There are many types of free radicals, but those of most concern in biological systems are derived from oxygen, and known collectively as reactive oxygen species (ROS). SAC contains a thiol group responsible for its antioxidant capacity because this nucleophile can easily donate its proton to an electrophilic species, thereby neutralizing them or making them less reactive. SAC has been shown to scavenge reactive oxygen species including superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, peroxynitrate anions, hypochlorous acid and singlet oxygen. Black garlic also contains additional antioxidant compounds such as S-allylmercaptocysteine, and tetrahydro-beta- carbolines.
Activation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and Nrf2
In vitro and animal models have shown that SAC increases the activity of endongenous antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In addition, SAC has also been shown to activate the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), a transcription factor that functions as the key controller of the redox homeostatic gene regulatory network. Under oxidative stresses, the Nrf2 signaling pathway is activated to enhance the expression of a multitude of antioxidant and phase II enzymes that restore redox homeostasis.
Inhibition of pro-oxidant enzymes
SAC has also been shown to inhibit a number of pro-oxidant enzymes, as an imbalance of these enzymes can increase oxidative stress. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is a family of pro-oxidant enzymes that catalyze the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline to produce nitric oxide (NO). While nitric oxide is an important signaling molecule for a number of physiological responses, increased levels of NO are also associated with oxidative stress and disease by causing damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA either directly or after reaction with superoxide. Black garlic and SAC have been shown to help regulate NOS enzymes, which can help prevent oxidative stress resulting from imbalanced NO levels. SAC and black garlic have also been shown to inhibit other pro-oxidant enzymes, whose over-activation is related to different patho-physiological events, including xanthine oxidase, NADPH oxidase and COX-2.
Free Radical Scavenging Activity
There are many types of free radicals, but those of most concern in biological systems are derived from oxygen, and known collectively as reactive oxygen species (ROS). SAC contains a thiol group responsible for its antioxidant capacity because this nucleophile can easily donate its proton to an electrophilic species, thereby neutralizing them or making them less reactive. SAC has been shown to scavenge reactive oxygen species including superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, peroxynitrate anions, hypochlorous acid and singlet oxygen. Black garlic also contains additional antioxidant compounds such as S-allylmercaptocysteine, and tetrahydro-beta- carbolines.
Activation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and Nrf2
In vitro and animal models have shown that SAC increases the activity of endongenous antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In addition, SAC has also been shown to activate the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), a transcription factor that functions as the key controller of the redox homeostatic gene regulatory network. Under oxidative stresses, the Nrf2 signaling pathway is activated to enhance the expression of a multitude of antioxidant and phase II enzymes that restore redox homeostasis.
Inhibition of pro-oxidant enzymes
SAC has also been shown to inhibit a number of pro-oxidant enzymes, as an imbalance of these enzymes can increase oxidative stress. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is a family of pro-oxidant enzymes that catalyze the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline to produce nitric oxide (NO). While nitric oxide is an important signaling molecule for a number of physiological responses, increased levels of NO are also associated with oxidative stress and disease by causing damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA either directly or after reaction with superoxide. Black garlic and SAC have been shown to help regulate NOS enzymes, which can help prevent oxidative stress resulting from imbalanced NO levels. SAC and black garlic have also been shown to inhibit other pro-oxidant enzymes, whose over-activation is related to different patho-physiological events, including xanthine oxidase, NADPH oxidase and COX-2.
Antioxidant activity of Black Garlic
![Antioxidant activity of Black Garlic]()
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24.5.16
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